How do Passive House Design Principles Support Fire Resilience in Buildings?
Passive House principles can contribute to improved fire resilience in several ways, primarily through the careful selection of materials and design strategies (incl. 1. continuous insulation, 2. windows, 3. airtightness and 4. balanced ventilation with ERV):

1. Continuous Insulation
Continuous insulation (to avoid thermal bridging) enhances the energy performance and slows the spread of fires through walls and roofs when fire-resistant insulation materials, such as rock wool or mineral wool, are selected. Projects often specify these materials to meet both energy efficiency and fire safety goals.
2. Airtight Construction
The airtightness required by Passive House standards is about 5 times lower compared to a building following the building code. Such a well-sealed building envelope can slow the spread of fire and prevent oxygen from fueling the fire and reduce smoke infiltration into occupied spaces, aiding in evacuation.
3. High-Performance Windows
Windows and doors with robust frames and low air leakage rates enhance fire resistance. Fire-rated glazing and window systems are optional and will further improve fire resistance. The window install is detailed to avoid thermal bridging and airtightness which further reduces the spread risk by avoiding gaps in the building envelop.
4. Ventilation Systems
The building is extremely airtight and fresh air supply is managed through mechanical ventilation with heat recovery via only two intentional openings in the building envelop (intake and exhaust) which will be turned off in the event of a fire which can help mitigate flame spread. This reduces the chance for amber to penetrate through the building envelop.
Other Factors:
Non-Combustible and Fire-Resistant Materials
Passive House standards often encourage the use of durable and non-combustible materials for insulation, cladding, and structural components. Materials such as rock wool or mineral wool insulation, which are inherently fire-resistant, are commonly used.
Passive House construction often involves detailing that includes fire stops and compartmentalization to prevent the rapid spread of fire between building sections
Compact Building Form
Passive House designs favor compact forms to reduce thermal bridging. This compactness can also mean fewer exterior vulnerabilities where fire could penetrate, such as eaves and corners.
Integration with Local Fire Codes
While Passive House principles don't directly address fire safety, certified projects must comply with local building and fire codes. Passive House strategies often complement fire safety measures, creating a safer overall design.
By integrating these elements, Passive House buildings not only achieve energy efficiency but also enhance fire resilience, providing a safer, more durable, and sustainable environment for occupants.
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